GS242-03+37: a lucky survivor in the galactic gravitational field

TL;DR

This study investigates the large HI supershell GS242-03+37 in the Milky Way, revealing its age, energy, and role in star formation, using numerical simulations and star cluster distribution analysis.

Contribution

The paper presents a new model of the supershell with lower energy and older age, linking its structure to star formation and galactic dynamics.

Findings

The supershell is approximately 100 million years old.

Star clusters younger than 120 Myr are aligned with the shell walls.

Star formation was triggered by galactic shear before the shell's supersonic expansion.

Abstract

HI shells and supershells, found in discs of many galaxies including our own, are formed by the activity of young and massive stars (supernova explosions and stellar winds), but the formation of these structures may be linked to other energetic events, such as interactions of high-velocity clouds with the galactic disc. The larger structures in particular significantly influence their surroundings; their walls are often places where molecular clouds reside and where star formation happens. We explore the HI supershell GS242-03+37, a large structure in the outer Milky Way. Its size and position make it a good case for studying the effects of large shells on their surrounding. We perform numerical simulations of the structure with the simplified hydrodynamical code RING, which uses the thin-shell approximation. The best fit is found by a comparison with the HI data and then we compare our model with the distribution of star clusters near this supershell. The best model of GS242-03+37 requires, contrary to previous estimates, a relatively low amount of energy, and it has an old age of $\sim$ 100 Myr. We also find that the distribution of young star clusters (with ages $<$ 120 Myr) is correlated with walls of the supershell, while the distribution of older clusters is not. Clusters that have the highest probability of being born in the wall of the supershell show an age sequence along the wall. GS242-03+37 is a relatively old structure, shaped by the differential rotation, and its wall is a birthplace of several star clusters. The star formation started at a time when the supershell was not already supersonically expanding; it was a result of the density increase due to the galactic shear and oscillations perpendicular to the disc of the Milky Way.