Experimental observation of plasma wakefield growth driven by the seeded self-modulation of a proton bunch

TL;DR

This study experimentally demonstrates the growth of plasma wakefields driven by seeded self-modulation of a proton bunch, showing wakefield amplitudes exceeding initial seed values, crucial for future electron acceleration.

Contribution

First experimental observation of plasma wakefield growth driven by seeded self-modulation of a proton bunch with detailed measurements of wakefield amplitudes and proton bunch defocusing.

Findings

Wakefields exceed seed value (>15 MV/m) reaching over 300 MV/m.

Proton bunch defocusing increases along the bunch and plasma.

Seeded self-modulation process is confirmed as a viable method for electron acceleration.

Abstract

We measure the effects of transverse wakefields driven by a relativistic proton bunch in plasma with densities of $2.1\times10^{14}$ and \unit[$7.7\times10^{14}$]{electrons/cm$^3$}. We show that these wakefields periodically defocus the proton bunch itself, consistently with the development of the seeded self-modulation process. We show that the defocusing increases both along the bunch and along the plasma by using time resolved and time-integrated measurements of the proton bunch transverse distribution. We evaluate the transverse wakefield amplitudes and show that they exceed their seed value (\unit[$<$15]{MV/m}) and reach over \unit[300]{MV/m}. All these results confirm the development of the seeded self-modulation process, a necessary condition for external injection of low energy and acceleration of electrons to multi-GeV energy levels.