Problems with the dark matter and dark energy hypotheses, and alternative ideas

TL;DR

This paper critically examines the issues with dark matter and dark energy hypotheses, highlighting inconsistencies and alternative explanations in cosmology without confirming the standard model's assumptions.

Contribution

It provides a review of problems and alternative ideas challenging the standard cosmological model's reliance on dark matter and dark energy.

Findings

Inconsistencies on galactic scales challenge dark matter hypotheses.

Dark matter candidate particles have not been detected.

Alternative hypotheses may explain cosmological observations without dark elements.

Abstract

Two exotic elements have been introduced into the standard cosmological model: non-baryonic dark matter and dark energy. The success in converting a hypothesis into a solid theory depends strongly on whether we are able to solve the problems in explaining observations with these dark elements and whether the solutions of these problems are unique within the standard paradigm without recourse to alternative scenarios. We have not achieved that success yet because of numerous inconsistencies, mainly on galactic scales, the non-detection so far of candidate particles for dark matter, and the existence of many alternative hypotheses that might substitute the standard picture to explain the cosmological observations. A review of some ideas and facts is given here.