Antinuclei in Heavy-Ion Collisions

TL;DR

This review summarizes recent advances in the study of antinuclei produced in heavy-ion collisions, highlighting new experimental discoveries and their implications for physics and cosmic-ray research.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of recent experimental observations of antinuclei, including antihypertriton and antihelium-4, and discusses their significance and production mechanisms.

Findings

Observation of antihypertriton and antihelium-4 in heavy-ion collisions

Measurement of mass differences between nuclei and antinuclei

Insights into antinuclei production mechanisms

Abstract

We review progress in the study of antinuclei, starting from Dirac's equation and the discovery of the positron in cosmic-ray events. The development of proton accelerators led to the discovery of antiprotons, followed by the first antideuterons, demonstrating that antinucleons bind into antinuclei. With the development of heavy-ion programs at the Brookhaven AGS and CERN SPS, it was demonstrated that central collisions of heavy nuclei offer a fertile ground for research and discoveries in the area of antinuclei. In this review, we emphasize recent observations at Brookhaven's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, namely, the antihypertriton and the antihelium-4, as well as measurements of the mass difference between light nuclei and antinuclei, and the interaction between antiprotons. Physics implications of the new observations and different production mechanisms are discussed. We also consider implications for related fields, such as hypernuclear physics and space-based cosmic-ray experiments.