Spitzer Phase Curves of KELT-1b and the Signatures of Nightside Clouds in Thermal Phase Observations

TL;DR

This study presents full orbital phase curves of KELT-1b at 3.6 and 4.5 microns, revealing the influence of nightside clouds on thermal emission and hotspot offsets, challenging previous trends and enhancing understanding of brown dwarf atmospheres.

Contribution

First full phase curves of KELT-1b at two wavelengths, providing evidence for nightside clouds affecting thermal emission and challenging existing hotspot offset trends.

Findings

Detected sinusoidal phase variations with specific amplitudes.

Measured eastward hotspot offsets of approximately 20-28 degrees.

Identified consistent nightside temperatures around 1000K across objects.

Abstract

We observed two full orbital phase curves of the transiting brown dwarf KELT-1b, at 3.6um and 4.5um, using the Spitzer Space Telescope. Combined with previous eclipse data from Beatty et al. (2014), we strongly detect KELT-1b's phase variation as a single sinusoid in both bands, with amplitudes of $964\pm36$ ppm at 3.6um and $979\pm54$ ppm at 4.5um, and confirm the secondary eclipse depths measured by Beatty et al. (2014). We also measure noticeable Eastward hotspot offsets of $28.4\pm3.5$ degrees at 3.6um and $18.6\pm5.2$ degrees at 4.5um. Both the day-night temperature contrasts and the hotspot offsets we measure are in line with the trends seen in hot Jupiters (e.g., Crossfield 2015), though we disagree with the recent suggestion of an offset trend by Zhang et al. (2018). Using an ensemble analysis of Spitzer phase curves, we argue that nightside clouds are playing a noticeable role in modulating the thermal emission from these objects, based on: 1) the lack of a clear trend in phase offsets with equilibrium temperature, 2) the sharp day-night transitions required to have non-negative intensity maps, which also resolves the inversion issues raised by Keating & Cowan (2017), 3) the fact that all the nightsides of these objects appear to be at roughly the same temperature of 1000K, while the dayside temperatures increase linearly with equilibrium temperature, and 4) the trajectories of these objects on a Spitzer color-magnitude diagram, which suggest colors only explainable via nightside clouds.