Verifying and Reporting Fast Radio Bursts

TL;DR

This paper discusses the challenges in verifying Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), highlighting the need for a formal validation framework to distinguish genuine astrophysical signals from false positives caused by instrumental or interference effects.

Contribution

It proposes a structured framework for evaluating FRB detections, including post-detection analyses and verification tests, to improve the reliability of reported FRBs.

Findings

False positives can arise from instrumental variations, noise, and interference.

Current practices lack a formal validation framework for FRB detection.

Examples from multiple telescopes illustrate the importance of verification procedures.

Abstract

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are a class of short-duration transients at radio wavelengths with inferred astrophysical origin. The prototypical FRB is a broadband signal that occurs over the extent of the receiver frequency range, is narrow in time, and is highly dispersed, following a $\nu^{-2}$ relation. However, some FRBs appear band-limited, and show apparent scintillation, complex frequency-dependent structure, or multi-component pulse shapes. While there is sufficient evidence that FRBs are indeed astrophysical, their one-off nature necessitates extra scrutiny when reporting a detection as bona fide and not a false positive. Currently, there is no formal validation framework for FRBs, rather a set of community practices. In this article, we discuss potential sources of false positives, and suggest a framework in which FRB-like events can be evaluated as real or otherwise. We present examples of false-positive events in data from the Arecibo, LOFAR, and Nanshan telescopes, which while FRB-like, are found to be due to instrumental variations, noise, and radio-frequency interference. Differentiating these false-positive detections from astrophysical events requires knowledge and tests beyond thresholded single-pulse detection. We discuss post-detection analyses, verification tests, and datasets which should be provided when reporting an FRB detection.