Examining effect of architectural adjustment on pedestrian crowd flow at bottleneck

TL;DR

This study experimentally investigates how different architectural modifications at exits influence pedestrian flow and clogging, revealing optimal configurations and effects of obstacles, with implications for crowd management and safety.

Contribution

It provides empirical data on human pedestrian flow through various exit geometries, highlighting the impact of obstacle size and placement, which was previously limited in literature to non-human models.

Findings

Corner exits outperform middle exits under same obstacle conditions.

Obstacle size and distance significantly affect outflow efficiency.

No 'faster-is-slower' effect observed; instead, 'faster-is-faster' effect noted.

Abstract

Recent advances in bottleneck studies have highlighted that different architectural adjustments at the exit may reduce the probability of clogging at the exit thereby enhancing the outflow of the individuals. However, those studies are mostly limited to the controlled experiments with non-human organisms or predictions models. Complementary data with human subjects to test the model's limited in literature. This study aims to examine the effect of different geometrical layouts at the exit towards the pedestrian flow via controlled laboratory experiments with human participants. The experimental setups involve pedestrian flow through 14 different geometrical configurations that include different exit locations and obstacles near exit under normal and slow running conditions. It was found that corner exit performed better than middle exit under same obstacle condition. Further, it was observed that the effectiveness of obstacle is sensitive to its size and distance from the exit. Thus, with careful architectural adjustment within a standard escape area, a substantial increase in outflow under normal and slow running conditions could be achieved. However, it was also observed that placing the obstacle too close to the exit can reduce outflow under both normal and slow running conditions. Moreover, we could not observe "faster-is-slower" effect under slow running condition and instead noticed "faster-is-faster" effect. In addition, the power law fitted headway distribution demonstrated that any architectural configurations that enhanced the outflow have higher exponent value compared to the other configuration that negates the outflow.