From Giant H II regions and H II galaxies to globular clusters and compact dwarf ellipticals

TL;DR

This study models the long-term evolution of massive star-forming regions like GHIIR and HIIG, showing they can evolve into globular clusters or compact dwarf ellipticals over 12 billion years, linking young star clusters to old stellar systems.

Contribution

It provides a detailed evolutionary model connecting young massive star clusters in star-forming regions to old stellar systems like globular clusters and dwarf ellipticals.

Findings

YMCs in GHIIR and HIIG can evolve into globular clusters or ellipticals.

The $M_{B}-\sigma$ relation converges with old systems after 12 Gyr.

A mass threshold around $10^6$M$_\odot$ determines evolutionary outcomes.

Abstract

Massive starforming regions like Giant HII Regions (GHIIR) and HII Galaxies (HIIG) are emission line systems ionized by compact young massive star clusters (YMC) with masses ranging from $10^4$M$_\odot$ to $10^8$M$_\odot$. We model the photometric and dynamical evolution over a Hubble time of the massive gravitationally bound systems that populate the tight relation between absolute blue magnitude and velocity dispersion ($M_{B}-\sigma$) of GHIIR and HIIG and compare the resulting relation with that one of old stellar systems: globular clusters, elliptical galaxies, bulges of spirals. After 12~Gyr of evolution their position on the $\sigma$ vs. M$_B$ plane coincides -- depending on the initial mass -- either with the globular clusters for systems with initial mass $M < 10^6$M$_\odot$ or with a continuation of the ellipticals, bulges of spirals and ultracompact dwarfs for YMC with $M >10^6$M$_\odot$. The slope change in the $M_{B}-\sigma$ and $M_B$-size relations at cluster masses around $10^6$M$_\odot$ is due to the larger impact of the dynamical evolution on the lower mass clusters. We interpret our result as an indication that the YMC that ionize GHIIR and HIIG can evolve to form globular clusters and ultra compact dwarf ellipticals in about 12 Gyr so that present day globular clusters and ultra compact dwarf ellipticals may have formed in conditions similar to those observed in today GHIIR and HIIG.