Star formation activity and the spatial distribution and mass segregation of dense cores in the early phases of star formation

TL;DR

This study investigates how the spatial arrangement and mass segregation of dense cores in molecular clouds relate to star formation activity, revealing correlations between cloud structure, core distribution, and star formation levels.

Contribution

It introduces a novel analysis of dense core distribution and mass segregation across various star-forming regions using the minimum spanning tree approach.

Findings

Dense cores are highly substructured in young star-forming regions.

Mass segregation varies among regions, with some showing significant segregation.

Cloud structure correlates with star formation activity and core mass segregation.

Abstract

We examine the spatial distribution and mass segregation of dense molecular cloud cores in a number of nearby star forming regions that span about four orders of magnitude in star formation activity. We use an approach based on the calculation of the minimum spanning tree, and for each region, we calculate the structure parameter Q and the mass segregation ratio measured for various numbers of the most massive cores. Our results indicate that the distribution of dense cores in young star forming regions is very substructured and that it is likely that this substructure will be imprinted onto the nascent clusters that will emerge out of these clouds. With the exception of Taurus in which there is nearly no mass segregation, we observe mild-to-significant levels of mass segregation for the ensemble of the 6, 10, and 14 most massive cores in Aquila, CrA, and W43, respectively. Our results suggest that the clouds' star formation activity are linked to their structure, as traced by their population of dense cores. We also find that the fraction of massive cores that are the most mass segregated in each region correlates with the surface density of star formation in the clouds. The Taurus region with low star-forming activity is associated with a highly hierarchical spatial distribution of the cores (low Q value) and the cores show no sign of being mass segregated. On the other extreme, the mini-starburst region W43-MM1 has a higher Q that is suggestive of a more centrally condensed structure and it possesses a higher fraction of massive cores that are segregated by mass. While some limited evolutionary effects might be present, we attribute the correlation between the star formation activity of the clouds and their structure to a dependence on the physical conditions that have been imprinted on them by the large scale environment at the time they started to assemble