Measuring the Wilson depression of sunspots using the divergence-free condition of the magnetic field vector

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new spectropolarimetric method to measure the Wilson depression in sunspots by minimizing magnetic field divergence, reducing systematic uncertainties and avoiding geometric assumptions.

Contribution

The paper presents a divergence-free magnetic field method for Wilson depression measurement that is robust and does not rely on geometric assumptions about sunspots.

Findings

The method estimates Wilson depression within 100 km of true simulation values.

Application to Hinode data yields a Wilson depression of about 600 km.

Magnetic pressure and curvature contribute similarly to the Wilson depression.

Abstract

Context: The Wilson depression is the difference in geometric height of unit continuum optical depth between the sunspot umbra and the quiet Sun. Measuring the Wilson depression is important for understanding the geometry of sunspots. Current methods suffer from systematic effects or need to make assumptions on the geometry of the magnetic field. This leads to large systematic uncertainties of the derived Wilson depressions. Aims: We aim at developing a robust method for deriving the Wilson depression that only requires the information about the magnetic field that is accessible from spectropolarimetry, and that does not rely on assumptions on the geometry of sunspots or on their magnetic field. Methods: Our method is based on minimizing the divergence of the magnetic field vector derived from spectropolarimetric observations. We focus on large spatial scales only in order to reduce the number of free parameters. Results: We test the performance of our method using synthetic Hinode data derived from two sunspot simulations. We find that the maximum and the umbral averaged Wilson depression for both spots determined with our method typically lies within 100 km of the true value obtained from the simulations. In addition, we apply the method to Hinode observations of a sunspot. The derived Wilson depression (about 600 km) is consistent with results typically obtained from the Wilson effect. We also find that the Wilson depression obtained from using horizontal force balance gives 110 - 180 km smaller Wilson depressions than both, what we find and what we deduce directly from the simulations. This suggests that the magnetic pressure and the magnetic curvature force contribute to the Wilson depression by a similar amount.