Linking little rip cosmologies with regular early universes
Felipe Contreras, Norman Cruz, Emilio Elizalde, Esteban Gonz\'alez and, Sergei Odintsov

TL;DR
This paper introduces regular Little Rip cosmologies with a generalized equation of state that avoids initial and future singularities, providing a unified model for emergent universes and late-time acceleration.
Contribution
It demonstrates that GEoS fluids can produce non-singular universes that encompass both early emergent phases and late-time Little Rip behavior, linking past and future cosmic regimes.
Findings
Regular universes free of initial singularity
Conditions linking Little Rip and emergent universe scenarios
Models avoiding Big Bang and Big Rip singularities
Abstract
Cosmological fluids with a Generalized Equation of State (GEoS) are here considered, whose corresponding EoS parameter describes a fluid with phantom behavior, namely , but leading to universes free of singularities at any past or future, finite time. Thus avoiding, in particular, the Big Bang and the Big Rip singularities, the last one considered to be typical in phantom fluid models. More specifically, such GEoS fluid cosmologies lead to regular Little Rip universes. A remarkable new property of these solutions is proven here, namely that they avoid the initial singularity at early times; therefore, they are able to describe emergent universes. Solutions of this kind had been studied previously, but only either as late time or as early time solutions; never as solutions covering both epochs simultaneously. Appropriate conditions are proposed here that relate the…
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