Do software firms collaborate or compete? A model of coopetition in community-initiated OSS projects

TL;DR

This paper investigates how commercial software firms engage in both collaboration and competition within community-initiated OSS projects, highlighting the role of firm gatekeepers in managing coopetition for mutual benefit.

Contribution

It introduces a conceptual model explaining coopetition among firms in OSS projects, emphasizing the management of conflicting interests through gatekeepers.

Findings

Firms collaborate in various ways across boundaries.

A small number of firms contribute most of the work.

Gatekeepers help manage coopetition effectively.

Abstract

[Background] An increasing number of commercial firms are participating in Open Source Software (OSS) projects to reduce their development cost and increase technical innovativeness. When collaborating with other firms whose sought values are conflicts of interests, firms may behave uncooperatively leading to harmful impacts on the common goal. [Aim] This study explores how software firms both collaborate and compete in OSS projects. [Method] We adopted a mixed research method on three OSS projects. [Result] We found that commercial firms participating in community-initiated OSS projects collaborate in various ways across the organizational boundaries. While most of firms contribute little, a small number of firms that are very active and account for large proportions of contributions. We proposed a conceptual model to explain for coopetition among software firms in OSS projects. The model shows two aspects of coopetition can be managed at the same time based on firm gatekeepers. [Conclusion] Firms need to operationalize their coopetition strategies to maximize value gained from participating in OSS projects.