Development of charge-exchange injection at the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics and around the World

TL;DR

This paper reviews the development and advancements in charge-exchange injection techniques for proton accelerators, highlighting methods to produce intense negative hydrogen ion beams and manage high beam intensities.

Contribution

It presents recent developments in charge-exchange injection, including ionization methods, space charge compensation, and stability improvements for high-intensity beams.

Findings

Successful accumulation of high-intensity beams above space charge limits

Implementation of RF acceleration for ionization energy compensation

Observation and damping of electron-proton instability

Abstract

The study of charge-exchange injection of protons into accelerators started in 1960 at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, as proposed by G. I. Budker in connection with the development of the program of the VAPP-4 proton-antiproton collider. Since the purpose was the accumulation of beams with a maximum intensity, and the record intensity of the H- ion beams received by that time was only 70 {\mu}A, an important part of the program was the development of methods to produce intense beams of negative hydrogen ions. Charge-exchange injection of particles into accelerators and storage rings is an important application of the charge-exchange technology. Development of charge exchange injection with compensation of ionization energy loss by RF acceleration voltage up to the space charge limit is presented. Accumulation of coasting beam with space charge compensation with weak focusing and strong focusing is described. Accumulation of circulating beam in a storage ring with intensity above space charge limit is presented. Observation, explanation and damping of e-p instability (electron cloud effect) is discussed. Recent developments of charge exchange injection are discussed. Laser ionization of H- in charge exchange injection is reviewed.