Implementing positive maps with multiple copies of an input state

TL;DR

This paper explores how multiple copies of a quantum state can enable the implementation of positive maps that are not completely positive, expanding the set of implementable transformations in quantum information processing.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of N-copy extension of maps, showing that consuming multiple copies allows implementation of a broader class of positive maps, including almost all positive maps.

Findings

Multiple copies increase the set of implementable positive maps.

Almost all positive maps are implementable with finite copies.

The number of copies needed measures the violation of complete positivity.

Abstract

Valid transformations between quantum states are necessarily described by completely positive maps, instead of just positive maps. Positive but not completely positive maps such as the transposition map cannot be implemented due to the existence of entanglement in composite quantum systems, but there are classes of states for which the positivity is guaranteed, e.g., states not correlated to other systems. In this paper, we introduce the concept of N-copy extension of maps to quantitatively analyze the difference between positive maps and completely positive maps. We consider implementations of the action of positive but not completely positive maps on uncorrelated states by allowing an extra resource of consuming multiple copies of the input state and characterize the positive maps in terms of implementability with multiple copies. We show that by consuming multiple copies, the set of implementable positive maps becomes larger, and almost all positive maps are implementable with finite copies of an input state. The number of copies of the input state required to implement a positive map quantifies the degree by which a positive map violates complete positivity. We then analyze the optimal N-copy implementability of a noisy version of the transposition map.