Laser writing of bright colours on near-percolation plasmonic reflector arrays

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a simple, scalable laser-based method to produce bright, polarization-dependent or independent colours on near-percolation plasmonic reflector arrays by reshaping gold islands with focused laser beams.

Contribution

It introduces a novel laser writing technique on near-percolation metal films that enables high-resolution, scalable colour printing without preformed nanostructures.

Findings

Bright colours achieved from green to red via laser reshaping of gold islands.

Colour dependence on laser polarization allows for polarization-sensitive or insensitive images.

The fabrication process is simple, scalable, and suitable for mass production.

Abstract

Colouration by surface nanostructuring has attracted a great deal of attention by the virtue of making use of environment-friendly recyclable materials and generating non-bleaching colours [1-8]. Recently, it was found possible to delegate the task of colour printing to laser post-processing that modifies carefully designed and fabricated nanostructures [9,10]. Here we take the next crucial step in the development of structural colour printing by dispensing with preformed nanostructures and using instead near-percolation metal films atop dielectric-metal sandwiches, i.e., near-percolation plasmonic reflector arrays. Scanning rapidly (~ 20 {\mu}m/s) across 4-nm-thin island-like gold films supported by 30-nm-thin silica layers atop 100-nm-thick gold layers with a strongly focused Ti-sapphire laser beam, while adjusting the average laser power from 1 to 10 mW, we produce bright colours varying from green to red by laser-heating-induced merging and reshaping of gold islands. Selection of strongly heated islands and their reshaping, both originating from the excitation of plasmonic resonances, are strongly influenced by the polarization direction of laser illumination, so that the colours produced are well pronounced only when viewed with the same polarization. Conversely, the laser colour writing with circular polarizations results in bright polarization-independent colour images. The fabrication procedure for near-percolation reflector arrays is exceedingly simple and scalable to mass production, while the laser-induced modification occurs inherently with the subwavelength resolution. This unique combination of remarkable features makes the approach developed for laser colour writing readily amenable for practical implementation and use in diverse applications ranging from nanoscale patterning for security marking to large-scale colour printing for decoration.