Supernova PTF12glz: a possible shock breakout driven through an aspherical wind

TL;DR

This paper investigates a highly energetic Type IIn supernova, PTF12glz, proposing that an aspherical circumstellar material structure explains early radius growth and temperature evolution observed in UV and optical data.

Contribution

It introduces a novel geometrical model of aspherical CSM to explain early supernova radius growth and temperature changes, supported by radiative diffusion simulations.

Findings

PTF12glz is among the most energetic Type IIn supernovae observed.

An aspherical CSM structure can produce a growing effective radius before ejecta signatures appear.

The developed SLAB-Diffusion code models photon diffusion through aspherical CSM.

Abstract

We present visible-light and ultraviolet (UV) observations of the supernova PTF12glz. The SN was discovered and monitored in near-UV and R bands as part of a joint GALEX and Palomar Transient Factory campaign. It is among the most energetic Type IIn supernovae observed to date (~10^{51} erg). If the radiated energy mainly came from the thermalization of the shock kinetic energy, we show that PTF12glz was surrounded by ~1 solar mass of circumstellar material (CSM) prior to its explosive death. PTF12glz shows a puzzling peculiarity: at early times, while the freely expanding ejecta are presumably masked by the optically thick CSM, the radius of the blackbody that best fits the observations grows at ~7000 km/s. Such a velocity is characteristic of fast moving ejecta rather than optically thick CSM. This phase of radial expansion takes place before any spectroscopic signature of expanding ejecta appears in the spectrum and while both the spectroscopic data and the bolometric luminosity seem to indicate that the CSM is optically thick. We propose a geometrical solution to this puzzle, involving an aspherical structure of the CSM around PTF12glz. By modelling radiative diffusion through a slab of CSM, we show that an aspherical geometry of the CSM can result in a growing effective radius. This simple model also allows us to recover the decreasing blackbody temperature of PTF12glz. SLAB-Diffusion, the code we wrote to model the radiative diffusion of photons through a slab of CSM and evaluate the observed radius and temperature, is made available on-line.