Resonant Temperature Fluctuations in Nebulae Ionized by Short-Period Binary Stars

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that short-period binary stars can induce large amplitude temperature fluctuations in nebulae, explaining observed discrepancies in temperature and abundance measurements, and proposes diagnostic line ratios for their detection.

Contribution

It introduces a model linking binary star periods to temperature fluctuations in nebulae and suggests new diagnostic tools for observational verification.

Findings

Temperature fluctuations form along the binary orbital disk.

Fluctuations propagate as thermal waves and shocks.

Binary periods shorter than 10 days are most effective.

Abstract

A prevailing open problem in planetary nebulae research, and photoionized gaseous nebulae research at large, is the systematic discrepancies in electron temperatures and ionic abundances as derived from recombination and collisionally excited lines. Peimbert (1967) proposed the presence of 'temperature fluctuations' in these nebulae, but the apparent amplitude of such fluctuations, as deduced from spectral diagnostics and/or abundance discrepancy factors, remain unexplained by standard photoionization modeling. While this and other alternative models to explain the temperature and abundance discrepancies remain inconclusive, recent observations seem to point at a connection between nebular abundance discrepancy factors and a binary nature of photoionizing stars. In this paper we show that large amplitude temperature fluctuations are expected to form in planetary nebulae photoionized by short-period binary stars. Resonant temperature fluctuations are first formed along the orbital disk around the binary stars, as the periodically varying ionizing radiation field induces periodic oscillations in the heating-minus-cooling function. Then, the temperatures fluctuations propagate vertically to the disk as thermal waves that later steepen into radiative shocks. The binary period of the ionizing stars is determinant in the formation and propagation of temperature fluctuations, as well as in associated density fluctuations. Fluctuations propagate efficiently only in systems with binary periods significantly shorter than the gas thermalization time, of the order of 10 days. Further, we propose temperature diagnostic line ratios that combine [O III] collisionally excited lines and O II recombination lines to determine the equilibrium temperature and the magnitude of resonant temperature fluctuations in nebulae.