On the possible common origin of M16 and M17

TL;DR

This study provides evidence that the giant HII regions M16 and M17 may share a common origin, supported by the detection of red supergiants indicating past massive star formation and a shell structure likely formed by stellar feedback.

Contribution

The paper presents the first identification of red supergiants in the region, supporting the hypothesis of a shared origin for M16 and M17 through triggered star formation.

Findings

Detection of four red supergiants consistent with 10-30 Myr ages.

At least three supergiants are at the same distance as M16 and M17.

Evidence of a shell formed by past stellar activity supporting triggered star formation.

Abstract

It has been suggested that the well-studied giant HII regions M16 and M17 may have had a common origin, being an example of large-scale triggered star formation. While some features of the distribution of the interstellar medium in the region support this interpretation, no definitive detection of an earlier population of massive stars responsible for the triggering has been made thus far. We have carried out observations looking for red supergiants in the area covered by a giant shell seen in HI and CO centered on galactic coordinates $l \sim 14^\circ 5$, $b\sim +1^\circ$ that peaks near the same radial velocity as the bulk of the emission from both giant HII regions, which are located along the shell. Red supergiants have ages in the range expected for the parent association whose most massive members could have triggered the formation of the shell and of the giant HII regions along its rim. Out of a sample of 37 bright red stars, we identify four red supergiants that confirm the existence of massive stars in the age range between $\sim 10$ and $\sim 30$~Myr in the area. At least three of them have Gaia DR2 parallaxes consistent with them being at the same distance as M16 and M17. The evidence of past massive star formation within the area of the gaseous shell lends support to the idea that it was formed by the combined action of stellar winds and ionizing radiation of the precursors of the current red supergiants. These could be the remnants of a richer population, whose most massive members have exploded already as core-collapse supernovae. The expansion of the shell against the surrounding medium, perhaps combined with the overrun of preexisting clouds, is thus a plausible trigger of the formation of a second generation of stars currently responsible for the ionization of M16 and M17.