Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: Advances and remaining challenges

TL;DR

This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the unique biology and pharmacology of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor, highlighting its signaling mechanisms, cellular responses, and therapeutic potential.

Contribution

It provides an updated comprehensive overview of FSHR structure, signaling pathways, internalization, and pharmacological developments, emphasizing remaining challenges.

Findings

FSHR has a large extracellular domain crucial for FSH binding.

FSHR couples to Gαs and other G proteins, activating complex signaling networks.

Fast internalization and recycling involve early endosomes, affecting receptor regulation.

Abstract

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced in the pituitary and is essential for reproduction. It specifically binds to a membrane receptor (FSHR) expressed in somatic cells of the gonads. The FSH/FSHR system presents many peculiarities compared to classical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). FSH is a large naturally heterogeneous heterodimeric glycoprotein. The FSHR is characterized by a very large NH2-terminal extracellular domain, which binds the FSH and participates to the activation/inactivation switch of the receptor. Once activated, the FSHR couples to G{\alpha}s and, in some instances, to other G{\alpha} subunits. G protein-coupled receptor kinases and \beta-arrestins are also recruited to the FSHR and account for its desensitization, the control of its trafficking and its intracellular signalling. Of note, the FSHR internalization and recycling are very fast and involve very early endosomes instead of early endosomes. All the transduction mechanisms triggered upon FSH stimulation lead to the activation of a complex signalling network that controls gene expression by acting at multiple levels. The integration of these mechanisms leads to context-adapted responses from the target gonadal cells, but also indirectly affects the fate of germ cells. Depending of the physiological/developmental stage, FSH elicits proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis in order to maintain the homeostasis of the reproductive system. Pharmacological tools targeting FSHR recently came to the fore and open promising prospects both for basic research and therapeutic applications. This paper provides an updated review of the most salient aspects and peculiarities of FSHR biology and pharmacology.