Interplanetary Magnetic Field $\mathit{B}_{x}$ Component Influence on Horizontal and Field-Aligned Currents in the Ionosphere

TL;DR

This study investigates how the interplanetary magnetic field's $B_x$ component influences ionospheric currents, finding minimal direct effects but suggesting a more efficient solar wind-magnetosphere coupling when $B_x$ and dipole tilt align.

Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of $B_x$ effects on Birkeland currents using multiple satellite and ground-based datasets, challenging previous assumptions of strong interhemispheric asymmetry.

Findings

$B_x$ sign change affects Birkeland currents by less than 10%.

No significant interhemispheric asymmetry observed in current patterns.

Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling efficiency depends on $B_x$ and dipole tilt alignment.

Abstract

Statistical analyses have shown that the sunward component of the interplanetary magnetic field, $\mathit{B}_{x}$ (Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric), moderately but significantly affects the auroral intensity. These observations have been interpreted as signatures of a similar interplanetary magnetic field $\mathit{B}_{x}$ control on Birkeland currents yet to be observed directly. Such a control, attributed to differences in magnetic tension on newly opened magnetic field lines, would lead to stronger region 1 (R1) Birkeland currents for $\mathit{B}_{x}$ negative (positive) conditions in the Northern (Southern) Hemispheres than when $\mathit{B}_{x}$ is positive (negative). In this paper we perform a detailed investigation of three different sets of magnetic field measurements, from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload and Swarm low Earth orbit satellites, from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment products derived from the Iridium satellite constellation, and from the SuperMAG ground magnetometer network, each analyzed using different techniques, to test these predictions. The results show that a change in sign of $\mathit{B}_{x}$ changes the Birkeland currents by no more than $\approx$10%. The current patterns show little support for an interhemispheric asymmetry of the kind proposed to explain auroral observations. Instead, we propose an alternative interpretation, which is consistent with most of the auroral observations and with the current observations in the present paper, except for those based on Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment: The solar wind-magnetosphere coupling is more efficient when the dipole tilt angle and $\mathit{B}_{x}$ have the same sign than when they are different... (continued on https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017JA024864)