Pure states statistical mechanics: On its foundations and applications to quantum gravity

TL;DR

This paper explores the foundations of thermal equilibrium in quantum systems, introduces a measurement-specific notion of equilibrium, and applies these ideas to quantum gravity and many-body localized systems, revealing new insights into their thermodynamic behaviour.

Contribution

It proposes a measurement-dependent concept of thermal equilibrium, connects it to the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis, and applies it to quantum gravity and localized systems, advancing understanding of quantum thermodynamics.

Findings

Measurement-specific equilibrium concept generalizes statistical mechanics.

Statistical mechanics predictions remain valid for certain observables in localized systems.

Applied concentration of measure to loop quantum gravity basis states, linking quantum and classical horizons.

Abstract

The project concerns the interplay among quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, in isolated quantum systems. The underlying goal is to improve our understanding of the concept of thermal equilibrium in quantum systems. First, I investigated the role played by observables and measurements in the emergence of thermal behaviour. This led to a new notion of thermal equilibrium which is specific for a given observable, rather than for the whole state of the system. The equilibrium picture that emerges is a generalization of statistical mechanics in which we are not interested in the state of the system but only in the outcome of the measurement process. I investigated how this picture relates to one of the most promising approaches for the emergence of thermal behaviour in isolated quantum systems: the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis. Then, I applied the results to study some equilibrium properties of many-body localised systems. Despite the localization phenomenon, which prevents thermalization of subsystems, I was able to show that we can still use the predictions of statistical mechanics to describe the equilibrium of some observables. Moreover, the intuition developed in the process led me to propose an experimentally accessible way to unravel the interacting nature of many-body localised systems. Second, I exploited the "Concentration of Measure" phenomenon to study the macroscopic properties of the basis states of Loop Quantum Gravity. These techniques were previously used to explain why the thermal behaviour in quantum systems is such an ubiquitous phenomenon, at the macroscopic scale. I focused on the local properties, their thermodynamic behaviour and interplay with the semiclassical limit. This was motivated by the necessity to understand, from a quantum gravity perspective, how and why a classical horizon exhibits thermal properties.