A mass entrainment-based model for separating/reattaching flows

TL;DR

This paper introduces a mass entrainment-based model for separated flows, linking vortex circulation and size to backflow intensity, and proposes a practical control strategy using wall-pressure measurements.

Contribution

It presents a novel vortex model for separated flows based on mass entrainment, enabling prediction and control of flow properties from simple measurements.

Findings

Vortex circulation scales with backflow intensity.

Vortex size correlates with mean recirculation length.

Backflow can be estimated from wall-pressure data.

Abstract

Recent studies have shown that entrainment effectively describes the behaviour of natural and forced separating/reattaching flows developing behind bluff bodies, potentially paving the way to new, scalable separation control strategies. In this perspective, we propose a new interpretative framework for separated flows, based on mass entrainment. The cornerstone of the approach is an original model of the mean flow, representing it as a stationary vortex scaling with the mean recirculation length. We test our model on a set of mean separated topologies, obtained by forcing the flow over a descending ramp with a rack of synthetic jets. Our results show that both the circulation of the vortex and its characteristic size scale simply with the intensity of the backflow (i.e. the amount of mass going through the recirculation region). This suggests that the vortex model captures the essential functioning of mean mass entrainment, and that it could be used to model and/or predict the mean properties of separated flows. In addition, we use the vortex model to show that the backflow (i.e. an integral quantity) can be estimated from a single wall-pressure measurement (i.e. a pointwise quantity). Since the backflow also appears to be anticorrelated to the characteristic velocity of the synthetic jets, this finding suggests that industrially deployable, closed-loop control systems based on mass entrainment might be within reach.