Kepler's third law of n-body periodic orbits in a Newtonian gravitation field

TL;DR

This paper derives a simple, dimensionless relation for the orbital period and energy in n-body gravitational systems, extending Kepler's third law beyond two bodies and validated through numerical comparisons.

Contribution

It introduces a novel dimension analysis approach to generalize Kepler's third law for n-body systems, providing explicit formulas and validation methods.

Findings

Derived a universal relation for n-body orbital periods and energies.

Predicted a specific formula for three-body systems.

Validated the relation through numerical comparison.

Abstract

This study considers the periodic orbital period of an n-body system from the perspective of dimension analysis. According to characteristics of the n-body system with point masses $(m_1,m_2,...,m_n)$, the gravitational field parameter, $\alpha \sim Gm_im_j$, the n-body system reduction mass $M_n$, and the area, $A_n$, of the periodic orbit are selected as the basic parameters, while the period, $T_n$, and the system energy, $|E_n|$, are expressed as the three basic parameters. Using the Buckingham $\pi$ theorem, We obtained an epic result, by working with a reduced gravitation parameter $\alpha_n$, then predicting a dimensionless relation $T_n|E_n|^{3/2}=\text{const} \times \alpha_n \sqrt{\mu_n}$ ($\mu_n$ is reduced mass). The const$=\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{2}}$ is derived by matching with the 2-body Kepler's third law, and then a surprisingly simple relation for Kepler's third law of an n-body system is derived by invoking a symmetry constraint inspired from Newton's gravitational law: $T_n|E_n|^{3/2}=\frac{\pi}{\sqrt{2}} G\left(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=i+1}^n(m_im_j)^3}{\sum_{k=1}^n m_k}\right)^{1/2}$. This formulae is, of course, consistent with the Kepler's third law of 2-body system, but yields a non-trivial prediction of the Kepler's third law of 3-body: $T_3|E_3|^{3/2}= \frac{\pi}{\sqrt{2}} G \left[\frac{(m_1m_2)^3+(m_1m_3)^3+(m_2m_3)^3}{m_1+m_2+m_3}\right]^{1/2}$. A numerical validation and comparison study was conducted. This study provides a shortcut in search of the periodic solutions of three-body and n-body problems and has valuable application prospects in space exploration.