Variance propagation for density surface models

TL;DR

This paper presents a reformulation of Density Surface Models (DSMs) that accurately propagates uncertainty from detection probabilities into density estimates by integrating detection variability as a random effect within the GAM framework.

Contribution

It introduces a method to incorporate detection probability uncertainty directly into the GAM stage of DSMs, improving variance estimation accuracy.

Findings

Enhanced variance estimation in DSMs through integrated uncertainty propagation.

Application demonstrated on bird and marine mammal survey data.

Method compatible with existing GAM software for straightforward implementation.

Abstract

Spatially-explicit estimates of population density, together with appropriate estimates of uncertainty, are required in many management contexts. Density Surface Models (DSMs) are a two-stage approach for estimating spatially-varying density from distance-sampling data. First, detection probabilities -- perhaps depending on covariates -- are estimated based on details of individual encounters; next, local densities are estimated using a GAM, by fitting local encounter rates to location and/or spatially-varying covariates while allowing for the estimated detectabilities. One criticism of DSMs has been that uncertainty from the two stages is not usually propagated correctly into the final variance estimates. We show how to reformulate a DSM so that the uncertainty in detection probability from the distance sampling stage (regardless of its complexity) is captured as an extra random effect in the GAM stage. In effect, we refit an approximation to the detection function model at the same time as fitting the spatial model. This allows straightforward computation of the overall variance via exactly the same software already needed to fit the GAM. A further extension allows for spatial variation in group size, which can be an important covariate for detectability as well as directly affecting abundance. We illustrate these models using point transect survey data of Island Scrub-Jays on Santa Cruz Island, CA and harbour porpoise from the SCANS-II line transect survey of European waters.