$(k,\lambda)$-Anti-Powers and Other Patterns in Words

TL;DR

This paper introduces a generalized framework for analyzing patterns in words, extending previous concepts of powers and anti-powers, and provides bounds and probabilistic results for these patterns in finite and infinite words.

Contribution

It generalizes existing notions of anti-powers to $(oldsymbol{\mu_1,\dots,\mu_k})$-block-patterns, improves bounds on minimal word length for pattern occurrence, and extends results to infinite words.

Findings

Generalization of anti-powers to new block-patterns.

Improved bounds on minimal word length containing certain patterns.

Expected counts of block-patterns in words of length n.

Abstract

Given a word, we are interested in the structure of its contiguous subwords split into $k$ blocks of equal length, especially in the homogeneous and anti-homogeneous cases. We introduce the notion of $(\mu_1,\dots,\mu_k)$-block-patterns, words of the form $w = w_1\cdots w_k$ where, when $\{w_1,\dots,w_k\}$ is partitioned via equality, there are $\mu_s$ sets of size $s$ for each $s \in \{1,\dots,k\}$. This is a generalization of the well-studied $k$-powers and the $k$-anti-powers recently introduced by Fici, Restivo, Silva, and Zamboni, as well as a refinement of the $(k,\lambda)$-anti-powers introduced by Defant. We generalize the anti-Ramsey-type results of Fici et al. to $(\mu_1,\dots,\mu_k)$-block-patterns and improve their bounds on $N_\alpha(k,k)$, the minimum length such that every word of length $N_\alpha(k,k)$ on an alphabet of size $\alpha$ contains a $k$-power or $k$-anti-power. We also generalize their results on infinite words avoiding $k$-anti-powers to the case of $(k,\lambda)$-anti-powers. We provide a few results on the relation between $\alpha$ and $N_\alpha(k,k)$ and find the expected number of $(\mu_1,\dots,\mu_k)$-block-patterns in a word of length $n$.