A global study of hot flow anomalies using Cluster multi-spacecraft measurements

TL;DR

This study uses Cluster spacecraft data to analyze hot flow anomalies, confirming a new formation condition related to solar wind speed and Mach number, and examining their size dependence on magnetic shear and discontinuity angles.

Contribution

It validates a new HFA formation condition using multi-spacecraft data and ACE observations, and investigates the factors influencing HFA size with comparison to hybrid simulations.

Findings

Higher solar wind speed and Mach number are key for HFA formation.

HFA size increases with magnetic shear and certain angles, then decreases.

Results align with recent hybrid simulation outcomes.

Abstract

Hot flow anomalies (HFAs) are studied using observations of the magnetometer and the plasma instrument aboard the four Cluster spacecraft. We study several specific features of tangential discontinuities on the basis of Cluster measurements from the time periods of February-April 2003, December 2005-April 2006 and January-April 2007, when the separation distance of spacecraft was large. The previously discovered condition (Facsko et al., 2008) for forming HFAs is confirmed, i.e. that the solar wind speed and fast magnetosonic Mach number values are higher than average. Furthermore, this constraint is independent of the Schwartz et al. (2000)s condition for HFA formation. The existence of this new condition is confirmed by simultaneous ACE magnetic field and solar wind plasma observations at the L1 point, at 1.4 million km distance from the Earth. The temperature, particle density and pressure parameters observed at the time of HFA formation are also studied and compared to average values of the solar wind plasma. The size of the region affected by the HFA was estimated by using two different methods. We found that the size is mainly influenced by the magnetic shear and the angle between the discontinuity normal and the Sun-Earth direction. The size grows with the shear and (up to a certain point) with the angle as well. After that point it starts decreasing. The results are compared with the outcome of recent hybrid simulations.