High-Efficiency, Extreme-Numerical-Aperture Metasurfaces Based on Partial Control of the Phase of Light

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel class of metasurfaces that use partial phase control to achieve high-efficiency, high-numerical-aperture optical elements with broad bandwidth and added functionalities, surpassing traditional phase gradient metasurfaces.

Contribution

The authors develop a new metasurface design based on partial phase control, enabling more precise phase modulation and improved optical performance beyond full 0-2π phase coverage.

Findings

Achieved high-NA immersion metalenses with near diffraction-limited resolution (~0.32λ).

Demonstrated broadband performance and wavelength de-multiplexing capabilities.

Surpassed efficiency limits of traditional metasurfaces, reaching 67% efficiency for dielectric types.

Abstract

High-quality flat optical elements require efficient light deflection to large angles and over a wide wavelength spectrum. Although phase gradient metasurfaces achieve this by continuously adding phase shifts in the range of 0 to 2{\pi} to the electric field with subwavelength-sized scatterers, their performance is limited by the spatial resolution of phase modulation at the interface. Here, we introduce a new class of metasurfaces based on a general formulation, where the phase shifts cover less than the full 0-2{\pi} range, offering significant advantages. More specifically, this approach allows the realization of metasurfaces with more compact and less mutually-interacting scatterers, thus more precise phase modulation, and advances the performance limits of metasurfaces to domains significantly beyond those of the full coverage phase gradient approach. Applying this concept to both plasmonic and dielectric surfaces, we demonstrate large phase gradients resulting in high-numerical-aperture immersion metalenses (NA=1.4) with near diffraction-limited resolution (~0.32{\lambda}) at visible wavelengths. Our concept enables added functionalities such as a broadband performance and wavelength de-multiplexing on a single layer, surpassing the theoretical cross-polarization transmission efficiency limit for single-layer plasmonic metasurfaces, and yields 67% efficiency for dielectric metasurfaces. This work paves the way toward realizing high-resolution flat optical elements and efficient plasmonic metadevices.