The Contribution of Dwarf Planets to the Origin of Low Inclination Comets by the Replenishment of Mean Motion Resonances in Debris Disks

TL;DR

This paper proposes a new dynamical mechanism involving mean motion resonance replenishment by massive debris disks that enhances low-inclination comet delivery, with implications for planetary habitability and early solar system history.

Contribution

It introduces a novel dynamical pathway for comet delivery through resonance replenishment by massive debris disks, applicable to both solar and extrasolar systems.

Findings

The mechanism can account for about 10% of the steady-state ecliptic comet population.

In a more massive belt, the estimated comet injection rate is around 0.6 per year.

The process could significantly impact planetary habitability and resemble early solar system bombardment.

Abstract

In this work we explore a new dynamical path for the delivery of low-inclination comets. In a configuration formed by an interior giant planet and an exterior massive debris disk, where the mass is accounted for by the 50 largest objects in the disk, the strongest mean motion resonances of the giant, located along the belt, are replenished with new material (test particles) due to the influence of the 50 massive objects. Once in resonance, slow chaotic diffusion stirs the orbital elements of the cometary nuclei enough to encounter the giant and to be scattered by it. When the disk is massive enough, both resonant and non-resonant particles are stirred quickly to encounter the giant and form an scattered disk component, greatly increasing the rate for the delivery of cometary material to the inner part of the system. This mechanism is applicable both to the solar system and extrasolar systems in general. Preliminary results, using a disk as massive as the classical Kuiper belt, indicate that the mechanism here proposed can account for about a tenth of the required injection rate to maintain the population of ecliptic comets in steady state. In a more massive belt of 0.25 M$_\oplus$, an estimated rate of around 0.6 new comets per year is found. Such a high rate would pose a serious risk for the habitability of rocky interior planets, yet would resemble the late heavy bombardment that was present in the early solar system.