Systematic Redshift of the Fe III UV Lines in Quasars. Measuring Supermassive Black Hole Masses under the Gravitational Redshift Hypothesis

TL;DR

This study investigates the gravitational redshift of Fe III UV lines in quasars as a method to estimate supermassive black hole masses, finding results consistent with traditional virial estimates and proposing a new mass scaling relation.

Contribution

The paper introduces a novel approach using Fe III UV line redshift as a gravitational redshift indicator for black hole mass measurement in quasars.

Findings

Fe III UV lines are systematically redshifted in quasars.

Redshift correlates with line broadening consistent with gravitational effects.

Estimated black hole masses agree with previous virial estimates.

Abstract

We find that the Fe III$\lambda\lambda$2039-2113 spectral feature in quasars appears systematically redshifted by amounts accountable under the hypothesis of gravitational redshift induced by the central supermassive black hole. Our analysis of 27 composite spectra from the BOSS survey indicates that the redshift and the broadening of the lines in the Fe III$\lambda\lambda$2039-2113 blend roughly follow the expected correlation in the weak limit of Schwarzschild geometry for virialized kinematics. Assuming that the Fe III UV redshift provides a measure of $M_{BH}\over R$ (${\Delta \lambda\over \lambda}\simeq{3\over2}{G\over c^2} {M_{BH}\over R}$) and using different estimates of the emitting region size, $R$ (either from gravitational microlensing, reverberation mapping or from the scaling of size with intrinsic quasar luminosity), we obtain masses for 10 objects which are in agreement within uncertainties with previous mass estimates based on the virial theorem. Reverberation mapping estimates of the size of the Fe III$\lambda\lambda$2039-2113 emitting region in a sample of objects would be needed to confirm the gravitational origin of the measured redshifts. Meanwhile, we present a tentative black hole mass scaling relationship based on the Fe III$\lambda\lambda$2039-2113 redshift useful to measure the black hole mass of one individual object from a single spectrum.