Uniformly consistently estimating the proportion of false null hypotheses via Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral equations

TL;DR

This paper introduces new uniformly consistent estimators for the proportion of false null hypotheses using Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral equations, applicable to various distribution families and overcoming limitations of previous methods.

Contribution

It develops novel estimators based on integral equations that are consistent across diverse distributions, including non-location-shift and discrete cases.

Findings

Establishes uniform consistency and convergence rates for the proposed estimators.

Provides examples of distribution families where the estimators are effective.

Identifies distribution families where consistent estimation is impossible with these techniques.

Abstract

The proportion of false null hypotheses is a very important quantity in statistical modelling and inference based on the two-component mixture model and its extensions, and in control and estimation of the false discovery rate and false non-discovery rate. Most existing estimators of this proportion threshold p-values, deconvolve the mixture model under constraints on its components, or depend heavily on the location-shift property of distributions. Hence, they usually are not consistent, applicable to non-location-shift distributions, or applicable to discrete statistics or p-values. To eliminate these shortcomings, we construct uniformly consistent estimators of the proportion as solutions to Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral equations. In particular, we provide such estimators respectively for random variables whose distributions have Riemann-Lebesgue type characteristic functions, form discrete natural exponential families with infinite supports, and form natural exponential families with separable moment sequences. We provide the speed of convergence and uniform consistency class for each such estimator under independence. In addition, we provide example distribution families for which a consistent estimator of the proportion cannot be constructed using our techniques.