Fabrication of Hollow AlAu2 Nanoparticles by Solid State Dewetting and Oxidation of Al on Sapphire Substrate

TL;DR

This study presents a method to produce hollow AlAu2 nanoparticles on sapphire substrates by leveraging solid state dewetting, oxidation, and Kirkendall voiding, with a kinetic model explaining the hollowing process.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to create hollow nanoparticles using solid state dewetting and oxidation, highlighting the role of Kirkendall voiding in this process.

Findings

Hollow AlAu2 nanoparticles can be fabricated on sapphire substrates.

Oxidation of Al drives the hollowing process via Kirkendall effect.

A kinetic model estimates oxygen solubility in gold.

Abstract

The Al-Au binary diffusion couple is a classic example of the system exhibiting Kirkendall voiding during interdiffusion. We demonstrate that this effect, which is a major reason for failures of the wire bonds in microelectronics, can be utilized for producing hollow AlAu2 nanoparticles attached to sapphire substrate. To this end, we produced the core-shell Al-Au nanoparticles by performing a solid state dewetting treatment of Al thin film deposited on sapphire substrate, followed by the deposition of thin Au layer on the top of dewetted sample. Annealing of the core-shell nanoparticles in air resulted in outdiffusion of Al from the particles, formation of pores, and growth of the AlAu2 intermetallic phase in the particles. We demonstrated that the driving force for hollowing is the oxidation reaction of the Al atoms at the Au-sapphire interface, leading to the homoepitaxial growth of newly formed alumina at the interface. We developed a kinetic model of hollowing controlled by diffusion of oxygen through the Au thin film, and estimated the solubility of oxygen in solid Au. Our work demonstrates that the core-shell nanoparticles attached to the substrate can be hollowed by the Kirkendall effect in the thin film spatially separated from the particles.