TTV-determined Masses for Warm Jupiters and their Close Planetary Companions

TL;DR

This study uses transit timing analysis to determine the masses of warm Jupiters and examines their properties and companion fractions, revealing a temperature threshold that separates hot and warm Jupiters and their companion characteristics.

Contribution

The paper provides the first mass measurements of several warm Jupiters using TTV analysis and identifies a temperature cutoff distinguishing hot and warm Jupiters with different companion fractions.

Findings

Masses of three warm Jupiters confirmed via TTV analysis.

A temperature threshold of approximately 1124 K separates hot and warm Jupiters.

Different companion fractions are associated with hot and warm Jupiters based on this temperature cutoff.

Abstract

Although the formation and the properties of hot Jupiters (with orbital periods $P<10\,$d) have attracted a great deal of attention, the origins of warm Jupiters ($10<P<100\,$d) are less well-studied. Using a transit timing analysis, we present the orbital parameters of five planetary systems containing warm Jupiters, Kepler 30, Kepler 117, Kepler 302, Kepler 487 and Kepler 418. Three of them, Kepler-30 c($M_p=549.4{\pm{5.6}}M_{\oplus}$), Kepler-117 c($M_p=702{\pm{63}}M_{\oplus}$) and Kepler 302 c($M_p=933\pm 527M_{\oplus}$), are confirmed to be real warm Jupiters based on their mass. Insights drawn from the radius-temperature relationship lead to the inference that hot Jupiters and warm Jupiters can be roughly separated by ${T_{\rm eff,c}} =1123.7\pm3.3$ K. Also, ${T_{\rm eff,c}}$ provides a good separation for Jupiters with companion fraction consistent with zero($T_{\rm eff}>T_{\rm eff,c}$) and those with companion fraction significantly different from zero ($T_{\rm eff}<T_{\rm eff,c}$).