Expansion and fragmentation of liquid metal droplet by a short laser pulse

TL;DR

This study investigates how ultrashort laser pulses cause liquid metal droplets to expand and fragment, revealing the underlying shock wave and cavitation processes through experiments and simulations.

Contribution

It combines experimental observations with SPH simulations to elucidate the fragmentation mechanisms of laser-irradiated liquid metal droplets, highlighting the thresholds for cavitation and spallation.

Findings

Threshold laser intensity for spallation is higher than for cavitation.

Asymmetrical expansion occurs when laser intensity exceeds spallation threshold.

Simulation velocities agree with experimental data.

Abstract

We report an experimental and numerical investigation of the fragmentation mechanisms of micrometer-sized metal droplet irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses. The results of the experiment show that the fast one-side heating of such a droplet may lead to either symmetric or asymmetric expansion followed by different fragmentation scenarios. To unveil the underlying processes leading to fragmentation we perform simulation of liquid-tin droplet expansion produced by the initial conditions similar to those in experiment using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. Simulation demonstrates that a thin heated surface layer generates a ultrashort shock wave propagating from the frontal side to rear side of the droplet. Convergence of such shock wave followed by a rarefaction tale to the droplet center results in the cavitation of material inside the central region by the strong tensile stress. Reflection of the shock wave from the rear side of droplet produces another region of highly stretched material where the spallation may occur producing a thin spallation layer moving with a velocity higher than expansion of the central shell after cavitation. It is shown both experimentally and numerically that the threshold laser intensity necessary for the spallation is higher than the threshold required to induce cavitation in the central region of droplet. Thus, the regime of asymmetrical expansion is realized if the laser intensity exceeds the spallation threshold. The transverse and longitudinal expansion velocities obtained in SPH simulations of different regimes of expansion are agreed well with our experimental data.