Effect of mixed surface terminations on the structural and electrochemical properties of two-dimensional Ti3C2T2 and V2CT2 MXenes multilayers

TL;DR

This study uses first-principles calculations to analyze how mixed surface terminations affect the structural, electronic, and electrochemical properties of Ti3C2T2 and V2CT2 MXenes, revealing that averaged properties of uniform terminations approximate realistic structures.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison of uniform versus mixed surface terminations in MXenes, highlighting the impact on electrochemical performance and offering insights into their real-world behavior.

Findings

Weighted averages of uniform terminations approximate mixed termination properties.

Redox reactions are confined to terminating groups at low Na concentrations.

Open circuit voltage is highly sensitive to termination composition.

Abstract

MXenes, a family of layered transition metal carbides and nitrides, have shown great promise for use in emerging electrochemical energy storage devices, including batteries and supercapacitors. MXene surfaces are terminated by mixed -O, -F and -OH functional groups as a result of the chemical etching production process. These functional groups are known to be randomly distributed over the surfaces, with limited experimental control over their composition. There is considerable debate regarding the contribution of these functional groups to the properties of the underlying MXene material. For instance, their measured Li or Na capacity is far lower than that predicted by theoretical simulations, which generally assume uniformly terminated surfaces. The extent to which this structural simplification contributes to such discrepancies is unknown. We address this issue by employing first-principles calculations to compare the structural, electronic and electrochemical properties of two common MXenes, namely Ti3C2Tx and V2CTx, with both uniform terminating groups and explicitly mixed terminations. Weighted averages of uniformly-terminated layer properties are found to give excellent approximations to those of more realistic, randomly-terminated structures. The sodium storage capacity and volume change during sodiation in the interlayer space of these MXenes with mixed surface terminations are also investigated. The redox reaction is shown to be confined to the terminating groups for low concentrations of intercalated Na, with the oxidation state of the metal atoms unaffected until higher concentrations of intercalated Na are achieved. Finally, the average open circuit voltage is shown to be very similar for both Ti3C2T2Na and V2CT2Na with mixed terminations, although it is highly sensitive to the particular composition of the terminating groups.