Morphogenesis of the Sternum in Quail Embryos

TL;DR

This study investigates the development process of the quail sternum, revealing it forms through endochondral ossification involving cartilage template formation, which is notable for a flat bone.

Contribution

It provides detailed embryonic timeline evidence that the quail sternum develops via endochondral ossification, contrasting with typical intramembranous development of flat bones.

Findings

Cartilage primordia observed by Day 7

Sternum shape formed by Day 9

Development proceeds through endochondral ossification

Abstract

The flat bone develops through intramembranous ossification, in which the mesenchymal cells are directly driven towards osteogenic lineage without the formation of cartilage template. While long bone develops through endochondral ossification, where cartilage template act as an intermediate stage between mesenchymal and bone tissues. Although the avian sternum is a flat bone, some studies describe formation of a cartilage template during its development. The aim of the current study was to observe the mechanism of ossification in quail sternum during embryonic development. Thirty quail embryos were collected for the current study (5 embryos/ day) during the period between Day (D) 5 and D10 of embryonic development and processed for light microscopy. The differentiation of mesenchymal condensation in to the chondrogenic cells was observed at D5 whereas the secretion of extracellular matrix could be evident at D6. The cartilage primordia were observed by D7 which were consisted of chondrocytes, embedded in matrix and surrounded by perichondrium. Later these primordia were developed in to cartilage template by D8 where the chondrocytes were present in their lacuna. This template attained the shape of future sternum by D9, which was more distinct at D10. These preliminary observations suggested that the quail sternum grows through endochondral ossification. The future study will further explore the histological changes of quail sternum during post-hatching development.