Particle creation in FRW with variable $q$, $G$ and $\Lambda$

TL;DR

This paper explores particle creation mechanisms in high-dimensional FRW cosmology with variable gravitational and cosmological constants, analyzing two scale factor models to understand early deceleration and current acceleration phases.

Contribution

It introduces a general formulation of particle creation and entropy generation in d-dimensional FRW models with variable constants and investigates their time evolution.

Findings

Cosmological constant G and entropy S increase over time.

Most quantities decrease over time except G and S.

Lambda remains unaffected by particle creation mechanisms.

Abstract

In this study, the mechanism of particle creation using varying gravitational and cosmological constants and deceleration parameter has been studied for Friedman-Robertson-Walker at high dimensions to explain early deceleration and present accelerating phases. In order to investigate the dynamics of two phases, we have considered two different ansatz for the scale factor of the form $a(t)=\sqrt{t^{\alpha}e^{t}}$ and $a(t)=\sqrt{\sin h(kt)}$ which are general form of power-law expansions. Firstly we modified $d$-dimensional field equations depend on time introduce a general formulation of particle creation and entropy generation mechanisms. We investigate time dependence of the several cosmological constant and quantities such as particle creation $\psi$ and entropy $S$, gravitational constant $G$, cosmological term $\Lambda$, energy density $\rho$, deceleration parameter $q$ etc. It is shown that all constant and other quantities, except the cosmological constant $G$ and entropy $S$, characteristically decrease with time for two scale factors in all dimensions. However, the cosmological constant $G$ and entropy $S$ increase with time. Additionally, it is shown that the cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is unexpectedly independent of particle creation mechanism.