All phase-space linear bosonic channels are approximately Gaussian dilatable

TL;DR

This paper proves that all linear bosonic channels can be approximated by Gaussian dilations, resolving a longstanding conjecture and providing explicit methods for such approximations, applicable to many physically relevant quantum channels.

Contribution

It establishes that the set of linear bosonic channels equals the closure of Gaussian dilatable channels, with constructive approximation procedures and implications for quantum resource analysis.

Findings

Linear bosonic channels are in the closure of Gaussian dilatable channels.

Explicit approximation procedures for linear bosonic channels using Gaussian dilations.

Applicable to a wide range of Gaussian and non-Gaussian quantum channels.

Abstract

We compare two sets of multimode quantum channels acting on a finite collection of harmonic oscillators: (a) the set of linear bosonic channels, whose action is described as a linear transformation at the phase space level; and (b) Gaussian dilatable channels, that admit a Stinespring dilation involving a Gaussian unitary. Our main result is that the set (a) coincides with the closure of (b) with respect to the strong operator topology. We also present an example of a channel in (a) which is not in (b), implying that taking the closure is in general necessary. This provides a complete resolution to the conjecture posed in Ref. [K.K. Sabapathy and A. Winter, Phys. Rev. A 95:062309, 2017]. Our proof technique is constructive, and yields an explicit procedure to approximate a given linear bosonic channel by means of Gaussian dilations. It turns out that all linear bosonic channels can be approximated by a Gaussian dilation using an ancilla with the same number of modes as the system. We also provide an alternative dilation where the unitary is fixed in the approximating procedure. Our results apply to a wide range of physically relevant channels, including all Gaussian channels such as amplifiers, attenuators, phase conjugators, and also non-Gaussian channels such as additive noise channels and photon-added Gaussian channels. The method also provides a clear demarcation of the role of Gaussian and non-Gaussian resources in the context of linear bosonic channels. Finally, we also obtain independent proofs of classical results such as the quantum Bochner theorem, and develop some tools to deal with convergence of sequences of quantum channels on continuous variable systems that may be of independent interest.