Towards the Distributed Burning Regime in Turbulent Premixed Flames

TL;DR

This study uses 3D simulations to explore the conditions needed for distributed burning in turbulent premixed flames, finding hydrogen flames more likely to achieve this regime at high turbulence levels.

Contribution

It demonstrates the influence of turbulence and dilatation on distributed burning, highlighting the role of Lewis number effects and proposing conditions to realize distributed burning.

Findings

Distributed burning achieved only in hydrogen flames at high Karlovitz numbers.

Turbulence broadens the reaction zone and affects species transport.

Lower reaction rates in distributed flames compared to laminar flames.

Abstract

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of canonical statistically-steady statistically-planar turbulent flames have been used in an attempt to produce distributed burning in lean methane and hydrogen flames. Dilatation across the flame means that extremely large Karlovitz numbers are required; even at the extreme levels of turbulence studied (up to a Karlovitz number of 8767) distributed burning was only achieved in the hydrogen case. In this case, turbulence was found to broaden the reaction zone visually by around an order of magnitude, and thermodiffusive effects (typically present for lean hydrogen flames) were not observed. In the preheat zone, the species compositions differ considerably from those of one-dimensional flames based a number of different transport models (mixture-averaged, unity Lewis number, and a turbulent eddy viscosity model). The behaviour is a characteristic of turbulence dominating non-unity Lewis number species transport, and the distinct limit is again attributed to dilatation and its effect on the turbulence. Peak local reaction rates are found to be lower in the distributed case than in the lower Karlovitz cases but higher than in the laminar flame, which is attributed to effects that arise from the modified fuel-temperature distribution that results from turbulent mixing dominating low Lewis number thermodiffusive effects. Finally, approaches to achieve distributed burning at realisable conditions are discussed; factors that increase the likelihood of realising distributed burning are higher pressure, lower equivalence ratio, higher Lewis number, and lower reactant temperature.