Possibility of Identifying Matter around Rotating Black Hole with Black Hole Shadow

TL;DR

This paper investigates how different types of matter around a rotating black hole influence its shadow shape, suggesting that future high-resolution observations could identify the dominant matter type near the black hole.

Contribution

It analytically studies the effects of various perfect fluid matter types on the shadow of a rotating black hole, highlighting potential observational signatures.

Findings

Dark matter causes the strongest shadow distortion

Dust has a moderate effect on the shadow shape

Radiation has the weakest influence on the shadow

Abstract

Shadows cast by the rotating black hole in perfect fluid matter are studied using analytical method. We consider three kinds of matter with standard equation of state in Cosmology: $-1/3$ (dark matter), 0 (dust) and $1/3$ (radiation). The apparent shape of the shadow depends on the black hole spin $a$ and the perfect fluid matter intensity $k$. We find that the shadow is a perfect circle in the non-rotating case ($a=0$) and a distorted one in the rotating case ($a\neq0$), similar to what is found for other black holes. Interestingly, different kinds of matter have different influence on the black hole shadow. Dark matter has the strongest effect, dust is the next and radiation is the weakest. By applying our result to the black hole Sgr A$^{*}$ at the center of the Milky Way, we find that the angular resolution required to distinguish among different kinds of matter around the black hole is not much higher than the resolution of current astronomical instruments would be able to achieve in the near future. We propose that observing the black hole shadow provides a possibility of identifying the dominant matter near the black hole.