Gap equation with pairing correlations beyond mean field and its equivalence to a Hugenholtz-Pines condition for fermion pairs

TL;DR

This paper reformulates the superconducting gap equation to explicitly include pairing correlations, connecting it to a Hugenholtz-Pines condition, and demonstrates its effectiveness in accurately describing the BCS-BEC crossover.

Contribution

It introduces an alternative form of the gap equation linked to a Hugenholtz-Pines condition, facilitating inclusion of pairing fluctuations beyond mean field.

Findings

Excellent agreement with experimental gap measurements in ultra-cold Fermi gases.

Accurate description of the Gorkov-Melik-Barkhudarov correction across the BCS-BEC crossover.

Effective incorporation of pairing fluctuations beyond mean field.

Abstract

The equation for the gap parameter represents the main equation of the pairing theory of superconductivity. Although it is formally defined through a single-particle property, physically it reflects the pairing correlations between opposite-spin fermions. Here, we exploit this physical connection and cast the gap equation in an alternative form which explicitly highlights these two-particle correlations, by showing that it is equivalent to a Hugenholtz-Pines condition for fermion pairs. At a formal level, a direct connection is established in this way between the treatment of the condensate fraction in condensate systems of fermions and bosons. At a practical level, the use of this alternative form of the gap equation is expected to make easier the inclusion of pairing fluctuations beyond mean field. As a proof-of-concept of the new method, we apply the modified form of the gap equation to the long-pending problem about the inclusion of the Gorkov-Melik-Barkhudarov correction across the whole BCS-BEC crossover, from the BCS limit of strongly overlapping Cooper pairs to the BEC limit of dilute composite bosons, and for all temperatures in the superfluid phase. Our numerical calculations yield excellent agreement with the recently determined experimental values of the gap parameter for an ultra-cold Fermi gas in the intermediate regime between BCS and BEC, as well as with the available quantum Monte Carlo data in the same regime.