X-ray Limits on the Progenitor System of the Type Ia Supernova 2017ejb

TL;DR

This study uses deep X-ray observations to place constraints on the progenitor system of the low-luminosity Type Ia supernova 2017ejb, suggesting it likely originated from a low-mass white dwarf with low pre-explosion accretion rates.

Contribution

It provides the first stringent X-ray limits on the progenitor of SN 2017ejb, constraining models of super-soft X-ray sources and accreting white dwarfs for low-luminosity SNe Ia.

Findings

No pre-explosion X-ray source detected at SN 2017ejb location.

Rules out bright supersoft X-ray sources with specific temperature and luminosity.

Less than 47% of SNe Ia originate from stably-accreting Chandrasekhar-mass systems.

Abstract

We present deep X-ray limits on the presence of a pre-explosion counterpart to the low-luminosity Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2017ejb. SN 2017ejb was discovered in NGC 4696, a well-studied elliptical galaxy in the Centaurus cluster with 894 ks of Chandra imaging between 14 and 3 years before SN 2017ejb was discovered. Using post-explosion photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2017ejb, we demonstrate that SN 2017ejb is most consistent with low-luminosity SNe Ia such as SN 1986G and SN 1991bg. Analyzing the location of SN 2017ejb in pre-explosion images, we do not detect a pre-explosion X-ray source. We use these data to place upper limits on the presence of any unobscured supersoft X-ray source (SSS). SSS systems are known to consist of white dwarfs accreting from a non-degenerate companion star. We rule out any source similar to known SSS systems with $kT_{\rm eff} > 85$ eV and $L_{\rm bol} > 4\times10^{38}~\text{erg s}^{-1}$ as well as models of stably-accreting Chandrasekhar-mass WDs with accretion rates $\dot{M}>3\times10^{-8}~M_{\odot}~\text{yr}^{-1}$. These findings suggest that low-luminosity SNe Ia similar to SN 2017ejb explode from WDs that are low-mass, have low pre-explosion accretion rates, or accrete very soon before explosion. Based on the limits from SN 2017ejb and other nearby SNe Ia, we infer that $<$47% of SNe Ia explode in stably-accreting Chandrasekhar-mass SSS systems.