Buckling without bending: a new paradigm in morphogenesis

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new morphogenesis model explaining complex organ surface patterns through elastic fibers and growth potentials, challenging traditional elastic bilayer instability explanations.

Contribution

The authors develop a novel 2D morphogenesis model incorporating elastic fibers and growth potentials, explaining diverse surface oscillation behaviors in organ development.

Findings

Explains out-of-phase and in-phase oscillations in organ surface patterns.

Accounts for scale-invariance in cerebellum folding.

Provides a nonlinear model with biological applications.

Abstract

A curious feature of organ and organoid morphogenesis is that in certain cases, spatial oscillations in the thickness of the growing "film" are out-of-phase with the deformation of the slower-growing "substrate," while in other cases, the oscillations are in-phase. The former cannot be explained by elastic bilayer instability, and contradict the notion that there is a universal mechanism by which brains, intestines, teeth, and other organs develop surface wrinkles and folds. Inspired by the microstructure of the embryonic cerebellum, we develop a new model of 2d morphogenesis in which system-spanning elastic fibers endow the organ with a preferred radius, while a separate fiber network resides in the otherwise fluid-like film at the outer edge of the organ and resists thickness gradients thereof. The tendency of the film to uniformly thicken or thin is described via a "growth potential". Several features of cerebellum, +blebbistatin organoid, and retinal fovea morphogenesis, including out-of-phase behavior and a film thickness amplitude that is comparable to the radius amplitude, are readily explained by our simple analytical model, as may be an observed scale-invariance in the number of folds in the cerebellum. We also study a nonlinear variant of the model, propose further biological and bio-inspired applications, and address how our model is and is not unique to the developing nervous system.