Transitions in synchronization states of model cilia through basal-connection coupling

TL;DR

This paper presents a minimal model demonstrating how both hydrodynamic and direct basal-connection couplings influence synchronization states in model cilia, revealing multiple coordination regimes and potential for cellular mechanical probing.

Contribution

It introduces a combined hydrodynamic and mechanical coupling model for flagellar synchronization, highlighting how intracellular stiffness affects coordination states.

Findings

Multiple synchronization states depend on coupling stiffness.

Prolonged in-phase and anti-phase synchronization observed.

Spontaneous symmetry breaking leads to multistable states.

Abstract

Despite evidence for a hydrodynamic origin of flagellar synchronization between different eukaryotic cells, recent experiments have shown that in single multi-flagellated organisms, coordination hinges instead on direct basal body connections. The mechanism by which these connections leads to coordination, however, is currently not understood. Here we focus on the model biflagellate {\it Chlamydomonas reinhardtii}, and propose a minimal model for the synchronization of its two flagella as a result of both hydrodynamic and direct mechanical coupling. A spectrum of different types of coordination can be selected, depending on small changes in the stiffness of intracellular couplings. These include prolonged in-phase and anti-phase synchronization, as well as a range of multistable states induced by spontaneous symmetry breaking of the system. Linking synchrony to intracellular stiffness could lead to the use of flagellar dynamics as a probe for the mechanical state of the cell.