Entanglement production and information scrambling in a noisy spin system

TL;DR

This paper investigates how entanglement and operator growth behave in a noisy spin system, revealing that their dynamics follow KPZ scaling and that noise significantly suppresses entanglement and butterfly velocities.

Contribution

It provides a theoretical analysis of entanglement and operator growth under classical dephasing noise, connecting these dynamics to KPZ universality and quantifying noise effects.

Findings

Entanglement growth follows KPZ equation dynamics.

Wavefront in OTOC propagates linearly with butterfly velocity.

Both entanglement and butterfly velocities are suppressed by noise.

Abstract

We study theoretically entanglement and operator growth in a spin system coupled to an environment, which is modeled with classical dephasing noise. Using exact numerical simulations we show that the entanglement growth and its fluctuations are described by the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation. Moreover, we find that the wavefront in the out-of-time ordered correlator (OTOC), which is a measure for the operator growth, propagates linearly with the butterfly velocity and broadens diffusively with a diffusion constant that is larger than the one of spin transport. The obtained entanglement velocity is smaller than the butterfly velocity for finite noise strength, yet both of them are strongly suppressed by the noise. We calculate perturbatively how the effective time scales depend on the noise strength, both for uncorrelated Markovian and for correlated non-Markovian noise.