MOLPOP-CEP: An Exact, Fast Code for Multi-Level Systems

TL;DR

MOLPOP-CEP is a fast, exact computational tool for modeling multi-level line emission in astrophysical gases, offering high accuracy and efficiency for diverse atomic and molecular systems.

Contribution

It introduces MOLPOP-CEP, a universal, exact line transfer code using the CEP technique, surpassing previous methods in speed and accuracy, with flexible error control.

Findings

The code achieves high-precision line transfer calculations.

It demonstrates the unreliability of the LVG approximation at high CO densities.

MOLPOP-CEP provides reliable results across various physical conditions.

Abstract

We present MOLPOP-CEP, a universal line transfer code that allows the exact calculation of multi-level line emission from a slab with variable physical conditions for any arbitrary atom or molecule for which atomic data exist. The code includes error control to achieve any desired level of accuracy, providing full confidence in its results. Publicly available, MOLPOP-CEP employs our recently developed Coupled Escape Probability (CEP) technique, whose performance exceeds other exact methods by orders of magnitude. The program also offers the option of an approximate solution with different variants of the familiar escape probability method. As an illustration of the MOLPOP-CEP capabilities we present an exact calculation of the Spectral Line Energy Distribution (SLED) of the CO molecule and compare it with escape probability results. We find that the popular large-velocity gradient (LVG) approximation is unreliable at large CO column densities. Providing a solution of the multi-level line transfer problem at any prescribed level of accuracy, MOLPOP-CEP is removing any doubts about the validity of its final results.