Adiabatic perturbation theory of nonequilibrium light-controlled superconductivity

TL;DR

This paper develops an analytical adiabatic perturbation theory for nonequilibrium superconductivity induced by THz light, addressing limitations of Floquet formalism and enabling efficient numerical solutions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel analytical framework combining path integrals and adiabatic perturbation theory to study light-induced nonequilibrium superconductivity.

Findings

Derived equations for the dynamical superconducting gap under slow external fields.

Calculated leading adiabatic and first non-adiabatic corrections to the gap.

Formulated formulas suitable for efficient numerical analysis.

Abstract

Recent experiments, in which Terahertz (THz) light has been used to induce nonequilibrium superconducting states, have raised a number of intriguing fundamental questions. Theoretically, these experiments are most often described within the Floquet formalism, which suffers a number of well-known limitations (e.g. Floquet heating). Alternative approaches rely on heavy numerical methods. In this Article we develop an analytical theory of nonequilibrium superconductivity that combines path integrals on the Kostantinov-Perel' time contour with adiabatic perturbation theory [G. Rigolin, G. Ortiz, and V.H. Ponce, Phys. Rev. A~{\bf 78}, 052508 (2008)]. We consider a general system of electrons and Raman phonons coupled by the Fr\"ohlich interaction, in the presence of a time-dependent external field which acts on the phonon subsystem. The latter is supposed to model the THz light-induced excitation of nonlinear interactions between infrared and Raman phonons. Assuming that the external field has a slow dependence on time, we derive equations for the dynamical superconducting gap, calculating the leading adiabatic term and the first non-adiabatic correction. Our nonequilibrium formulas can be solved numerically with a minimal increase of computational complexity with respect to that needed to calculate the superconducting gap at equilibrium.