Modeling the atomic-to-molecular transition in cosmological simulations of galaxy formation

TL;DR

This paper improves postprocessing methods to estimate atomic and molecular hydrogen in large-scale galaxy formation simulations, comparing five models and highlighting the importance of accurate surface density calculations.

Contribution

It introduces a two-dimensional approach for computing surface densities and compares multiple models for the atomic-to-molecular transition in cosmological simulations.

Findings

Models agree on average but differ for individual galaxies.

The face-on projection method reduces biases compared to Jeans length approximation.

Systematic uncertainties significantly affect molecular fraction estimates.

Abstract

Large-scale cosmological simulations of galaxy formation currently do not resolve the densities at which molecular hydrogen forms, implying that the atomic-to-molecular transition must be modeled either on the fly or in postprocessing. We present an improved postprocessing framework to estimate the abundance of atomic and molecular hydrogen and apply it to the IllustrisTNG simulations. We compare five different models for the atomic-to-molecular transition, including empirical, simulation-based, and theoretical prescriptions. Most of these models rely on the surface density of neutral hydrogen and the ultraviolet (UV) flux in the Lyman-Werner band as input parameters. Computing these quantities on the kiloparsec scales resolved by the simulations emerges as the main challenge. We show that the commonly used Jeans length approximation to the column density of a system can be biased and exhibits large cell-to-cell scatter. Instead, we propose to compute all surface quantities in face-on projections and perform the modeling in two dimensions. In general, the two methods agree on average, but their predictions diverge for individual galaxies and for models based on the observed midplane pressure of galaxies. We model the UV radiation from young stars by assuming a constant escape fraction and optically thin propagation throughout the galaxy. With these improvements, we find that the five models for the atomic-to-molecular transition roughly agree on average but that the details of the modeling matter for individual galaxies and the spatial distribution of molecular hydrogen. We emphasize that the estimated molecular fractions are approximate due to the significant systematic uncertainties.