Efficient Genomic Interval Queries Using Augmented Range Trees

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel augmented range tree data structure that significantly improves the efficiency of querying genomic intervals based on all Allen's interval relations, facilitating large-scale genome annotation tasks.

Contribution

The authors develop and compare two range tree-based methods, including an augmented range tree with fractional cascading, to efficiently support all Allen's interval relations in genomic data queries.

Findings

RTFC achieves the best query time complexity among the three methods.

2D-RT outperforms traditional interval trees in most relation queries.

RTFC is highly effective for large-scale genomic interval analysis.

Abstract

Efficient large-scale annotation of genomic intervals is essential for personal genome interpretation in the realm of precision medicine. There are 13 possible relations between two intervals according to Allen's interval algebra. Conventional interval trees are routinely used to identify the genomic intervals satisfying a coarse relation with a query interval, but cannot support efficient query for more refined relations such as all Allen's relations. We design and implement a novel approach to address this unmet need. Through rewriting Allen's interval relations, we transform an interval query to a range query, then adapt and utilize the range trees for querying. We implement two types of range trees: a basic 2-dimensional range tree (2D-RT) and an augmented range tree with fractional cascading (RTFC) and compare them with the conventional interval tree (IT). Theoretical analysis shows that RTFC can achieve the best time complexity for interval queries regarding all Allen's relations among the three trees. We also perform comparative experiments on the efficiency of RTFC, 2D-RT and IT in querying noncoding element annotations in a large collection of personal genomes. Our experimental results show that 2D-RT is more efficient than IT for interval queries regarding most of Allen's relations, RTFC is even more efficient than 2D-RT. The results demonstrate that RTFC is an efficient data structure for querying large-scale datasets regarding Allen's relations between genomic intervals, such as those required by interpreting genome-wide variation in large populations.