Novel Silicon Photomultipliers suitable for Dual-Mirror Small-Sized Telescopes of the Cherenkov Telescope Array

TL;DR

This paper presents novel Silicon Photomultiplier sensors with improved photon detection efficiency and reduced optical cross-talk, optimized for use in dual-mirror small-sized Cherenkov telescopes, enhancing performance under high night sky background conditions.

Contribution

Introduction of new Low Voltage Reverse (LVR) 2nd and 3rd generation MPPCs with enhanced PDE and reduced OCT for Cherenkov telescope cameras.

Findings

LVR3 MPPCs outperform LVR2 in photon detection within 240-380 nm.

Microcell size impacts PDE and OCT performance.

Infrared filters can influence optical cross-talk levels.

Abstract

Many of the characteristics of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), such as high Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE), are well matched to the requirements of the cameras of the Small-Sized Telescopes (SSTs) proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array. In fact, compared to a single mirror, the double mirror Schwarzschild Couder configuration provides a much better Point Spread Function over a large field of view. It allows better correction of aberrations at large off axis angles and facilitates the construction of compact telescopes. Moreover, the small plate scale of the dual-mirror SSTs allows the use of SiPM detectors despite their small pixel sizes. These sensors have two further advantages compared to the Photo Multipliers Tubes: the low cost and the possibility to observe in very high Night Sky Background (NSB) light level without any damage. However, one area in which SiPM performance has required improvement is Optical CrossTalk (OCT), where multiple avalanches are induced by a single impinging photon. OCT, coupled with the typical NSB rate of 25 MCnts/s per pixel during Cherenkov observations, can place severe constraints on the triggering capability of the cameras. This paper describes the performance of novel Low Voltage Reverse (LVR) 2nd and 3rd generation Multi Pixel Photon Counters manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics. These are designed to have both enhanced PDE and reduced OCT. Two 7 x 7 mm2 S14520 LVR2 MPPCs with 75 um microcells are tested and compared with detectors of the same pixel size with 50 um microcells. A comparative analysis of a 3 x 3 mm2 S14520 LVR2 device and an S14520 LVR3 device is also carried out, demonstrating that the LVR3 gives better photon detection in the 240 380 nm wavelength range. Finally, the effect of an infrared filter on the OCT is analysed.