Estimating Local Daytime Population Density from Census and Payroll Data

TL;DR

This paper presents a method to estimate daytime population density in the San Francisco Bay Area using census and payroll data, highlighting regional land use patterns and discussing methodological biases.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach combining census and payroll data to estimate tract-level daytime population density, improving urban planning insights.

Findings

Daytime densities are more concentrated than nighttime densities.

Method reveals regional land use patterns.

Discusses biases and limitations of the approach.

Abstract

Daytime population density reflects where people commute and spend their waking hours. It carries significant weight as urban planners and engineers site transportation infrastructure and utilities, plan for disaster recovery, and assess urban vitality. Various methods with various drawbacks exist to estimate daytime population density across a metropolitan area, such as using census data, travel diaries, GPS traces, or publicly available payroll data. This study estimates the San Francisco Bay Area's tract-level daytime population density from US Census and LEHD LODES data. Estimated daytime densities are substantially more concentrated than corresponding nighttime population densities, reflecting regional land use patterns. We conclude with a discussion of biases, limitations, and implications of this methodology.